Apple, being a JIT compiler with shape types, is able to do a number of optimizations based on inferred dimension (and rank). Rank is almost always known in practice, so such optimizations are pertinent.
I just finished adding another mid-end to my Apple JIT compiler, motivated to get rank facilities right. However, there remain significant shortfalls.
I implemented the Apple array system with the aim of tidying up some of the shortcomings of J, with which I am familiar.
Testing is widespread in programming, but correctness in programming is mostly assured by construction. Testing prods a "black box"; this is appealing in that libraries are presented to users as black boxes, but, as we shall see, it is limited in what it can accomplish for deep logical reasons.
There are some ways that functional programming languages still lack when compared to C; in particular they fail to export their constructs for use in other languages.
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